Causes of Disruptive Behavior Disorder

Common Causes and Risk factors of Disruptive Behavior Disorder

Biological factors

Environmental factors.

Low birth weight.

Neurological damage.

Signs and Symptoms of Disruptive Behavior Disorder

Sign and symptoms of Disruptive Behavior Disorder

Pick fights.

Use a weapon (gun or knife) in fights.

Injure other children.

Torture animals.

Set fires.

Shift blame to others.

Damage property.

Experiment with alcohol, cigarettes, street drugs, or sex.

Treatment for Disruptive Behavior Disorder

Common Treatment for Disruptive Behavior Disorder

Parent training and therapy with the child or adolescent, is most effective when done in the family home.

DSM-IV is the most widely used nosologic system for children, but the majority of the validation sample consisted of school-age children and adolescents.

Adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) and controls were investigated using an optimized

Regular sleep is also very important.

Author: Sara MacKian               Article reviewed by: Dr Nihar Ranjan Ray

INTRODUCTION:

Health seeking behavior refers to all those things humans do to prevent diseases and to detect diseases in asymptomatic stages. In contrast illness behavior refers to all those activities designed to recognize and explain symptoms after one feels ill, and sick role behavior refers to all those activities designed to cure diseases and restore health after a diagnosis has been made.

I agree to the author that there is growing recognition, in both developed and developing countries, that providing education and knowledge at the individual level is not sufficient in itself to promote a change in behavior. We need do something extra or focus to a different dimension to bring effective changes in health indicators. One more important thing that the author has insisted that factors promoting ‘good’ health seeking behaviors are not rooted solely in the individual, they also have a more dynamic, collective, interactive element. Understanding of the social capital and proper understanding of health seeking behavior could reduce delay to diagnosis, improve treatment compliance and improve health promotion strategies in a variety of contexts. Author has given utmost importance to make studies of health seeking behavior more useful from a health systems development perspective. In initial part of the article the author suggested the two approaches namely

(a) Health care seeking behaviors: utilization of the system

(b) Health seeking behaviors: the process of illness response

According to author variety of studies were conducted on the basis of macro analysis. Taking age, sex, geographical region etc.. But author aptly suggested that these determinants can be further broken to smaller fragments like Status of women, Elements of patriarchy, Social Age and sex, Socioeconomic Household resources Education level, Maternal occupation, Marital status, Economic status, ‘Cultural propriety’, Economic Costs of care Treatment, Travel time, Type and severity of illness Geographical Distance and physical access, Physical, Organizational Perceived quality and so many to identify the reality of the back ground problems. Despite the ongoing evidence from different studies that people do choose traditional and folk medicine or providers in a variety of contexts which have potentially profound impacts on health, few studies recommend ways to build bridges to enable individual preferences to be incorporated into a more responsive health care system. I find it most interesting that has been quoted by (Needham et al, 2001).  As they suggested “the need to improve integration of private sector providers with public care to tackle this problem in a better way” And with the Indian perspective at least I can’t agree with Ahemad et al that the training to these non formal providers are wrong. At least we can use their community motivation in a modern way so that the health seeking behavior of these people will change gradually.

 Now it is time to focus upon to understand the psycho logical process of these people as discussed in the section  Health seeking behaviors: the process of illness response. The understanding of the ‘healthy choices’, in either their lifestyle behaviors or their use of medical care and treatment. Among the different models discussed here namely (a) social cognition models (b) Health belief model (c) health locus of control

•(a)  social cognition models:

Predicting health behavior with social cognition models as per the figure illustrates I am completely agree with the author as she criticizes the model as “The downfall of these models is that most view the individual as a rational decision maker, systematically reviewing available information and forming behavior intentions from this. They do not allow any understanding of how people make decisions, or a description of the way in which people make decisions.”

•(b)  Health belief Model:

The health belief model is a largely accepted theory and like any other theory it has its limitation also like the author writes “The health belief model has been criticized for portraying individuals as asocial economic decision makers, and its application to major contemporary health issues, such as sexual behavior, have failed to offer any insights” Any how I personally feel this can be a model of reference for contemporary diseases. and also what I feel this model is still holds good in describing the STIs though stigma, shame ness and sexual conservativeness comes into play.

It may be right that the way Mc Phill et all thinks “developed country research has a better track record of exploring this broader contextual picture, whilst work in developing countries tends not to acknowledge the poor relationship between knowledge and health seeking behavior.” Apart from the KABP model I find the description of the Reflexive communities are interesting .Reflexive communities reflect the particular ways of behaving, thinking and reaching decisions of individuals or groups, that in turn reflect the social construction of their position in wider society at a particular place and time. Information regarding health seeking has many facets and determinants like ‘moral, affective, aesthetic, narrative and meaning dimensions’. So more scientific way of approach will be ‘aesthetic reflexivity’ which “means making choices about and/or innovating background assumptions and shared practices upon whose bases cognitive and normative reflection is founded” In order to understand how people reach the decision  we need to know also how  the underlying, unspoken, unconscious feelings and assumptions which support that cognitive process. These concepts that are been discussed here  are seems to be more theoretical to practice . But still these issues are need to be addressed aptly for events like HIV/AIDS . I and I am completely agreed with Harvey that “the way people perceive risks and experience risk should be a matter for public policy”

Health seeking behavior and the probes: a review

Health seeking behavior differs for the same individuals or communities

when faced with different persons, times& illnesses.   The article has described some of the examples here. They have  given a very nice example here regarding the health seeking practices of women when faced with abnormal vaginal discharge, as opposed to malaria. I think this is more a big problem in countries like India & Bangladesh than the developed worlds. Again the shortage of the female Health care staffs worsens the problem. And the most important thing that I feel is most of the sensitive illnesses or diseases or public health problems are having this problem. Or thinking in the reverse way that due to this embedded problem it is very difficult to address these problems or not getting quick results. Among the examples I try to touch them in short. Only the key issues are given as described the author. I think she has identified it very nicely from different studies.

Tuberculosis

(a) Late presentation and delayed diagnosis are  problems for TB, reflecting both

individual and social factor. Delay can be related to social stigma, gender, fear or multiple health seeking.

(b) Culturally sensitive and situated understanding of health seeking behavior may

Provide better  treatment compliance and shorten delay of diagnosis.

©Health education should be started  at family and community level to improve

awareness and to avoid stigma.

(d)The doctor-patient relationship may need particular attention in relation to TB due to the lengthy treatment period.

Maternal and child health

(a) The way in which women reach the decisions they can have a great influence

on child morbidity and mortality and is therefore worthy of continued study.

(b) There may be a better ways of exploring women’s involvement in health

system and social structures .

Diabetes Type 1

(a)Perhaps the lack of material suggests there is more work needed in this area?

          (b)The doctor-patient dynamic can potentially be used to promote ‘good’ health

seeking behavior and compliance with treatment, and is an issue reflected across

the probes.

Social capital and Health & Development

Social resources norms and networks or processes and conditions within society that allow for the development of human and material capital. So  social capital is created and used through individual participation. Bonding social capital which links members of a particular group, and bridging  social capital which links across groups. So the first one when addresses the Horizontal Equity the later addresses the Vertical Equity. Social capital provides a means of shifting the focus from individuals to social groups, and the social involvement of the actions of individuals. Though it varies from community to community but social capital also has implications for the operation of health systems description of that in detail is beyond the scope of this literature.

Health seeking behavior in the context of health systems

Non formal practitioners  and birth attendants so embedded in the existing social

fabric and reflexive communities so that mostly the women deny delivery in favour of trained public service doctors. And in the Indian sub-continent  public doctors running private clinics alongside their public role, where they can charge patients they have referred from the public system, may have the effect of undermining trust in the wider system.

Conclusion

  “To begin to picture the resources and constraints…the way the actor experiences them, is to take a crucial step towards understanding why and how people do what they do”

   This statement by  Wallman and Baker I think we always need to remember be coz Health care is a system that is so much embedded into the society and individuality of the people that if you search for the influencing the factors than finally you will get all the branches of science on your table. So to be practical is more important than criticizing any issue theoretically and parallely we can’t ignore any issue how ever that may seem impractical. That is the beauty and problem of designing the policy for the Health care. What I feel like head of the family neglects himself in due course of taking care of other family members we should not land in a troubled water by focusing more on the peripheral issues of Health care delivery system than the center stage. We should not forget to address the problems of the internal clients to provide a better motivated care to the external clients. Which in my view very poorly addressed in international, national & regional level. And last but not the least is the financing system and its proper management is the key issue.

                   Dr Nihar Ranjan Ray

                   Indian Institute Of Public Health, Gandhinagar

Picture cards or flash cards are effective tools for fostering the mastery of new words and concepts.  While many people think of flash cards as a great way to learn new words, such as stove or refrigerator, many people do not think of flash cards as a means of conveying emotions or concepts such as happy or sunny.  In reality, picture cards are used for all of these purposes and more.  Many parents and therapists even use flash cards as a means of sparking conversation as part of a standard intensive ABA therapy.

Many teachers choose to use multiple picture cards to convey the same idea.  This helps to teach a child the concept of the object or idea, giving them multiple views of the same thing and helping them to associate the concept with the word.  In addition to providing examples of concepts and words, picture cards can involve a puzzle of sorts, requiring a child to figure out what is wrong with the picture.  This helps to develop reasoning and critical thinking skills.

In short, much can be learned through the use of picture and flash cards throughout the entire ABA therapy process.  From teaching basic words to complex concepts and even helping to promote critical reasoning skills, picture cards are a highly functional group of tools for parents who have a child with an autism spectrum disorder.  Intensive ABA therapy is designed to help your child reach his or her maximum learning and functioning potential.  Picture cards are an integral part of this process and can be crucial in helping your child learn to understand and communicate both simple and complex thoughts and ideas.

Children with the autistic disorder usually use the same word or phrase to express different situations. Some repeat sentences like “get in the car” as they associate it with going outside. Others say “milk and cookies” when referring to a pleasant object or a pleasant action”.

A meaningless voice tonality is commonly used while speaking and the persons around the autistic have difficulties in understanding his desires. Their body language is hard to interpret as they not necessarily smile when they are happy or cry when upset. Facial expressions, moves and gestures rarely match to what they are trying to say. Most common their voice assembles the one of a robot, is flat, high-pitched or sings-song- like.

Without any understandable means of gestures or language to express their needs, autistics cannot let others know what they wish. Most often they simply scream or even directly grab what they need. In specialty literature useful information is found about possible brain connections autistic patients make in a special circumstance when they are forced to scream in order to make themselves heard.

Autism does not usually effect the physical estate of the child, these are most often healthy and with good muscle control and still make repetitive movements. Some of them even spend hours making the same action like flapping fingers or trying dance moves and then suddenly freeze in a particular position; their behavior is known by specialists as self-stimulation or stereotyped actions. Some actions are repeated over and over again like a child running through the room and turning the lights on and off repeatedly.

Autistic children tend to develop obsessions with specific objects that may be funny, embarrassing or dangerous for the persons around them. Changes in their routine and environment are very upsetting for them as they want to eat same foods at the same hours or find their objects in the exact same position. This repetitive obsessive behavior is believed to bring stability into their lives or help them deal better with particular stimuli or pains. Other explanation may be the one saying that patients try to stimulate the diminished senses with their behavior or on the other hand use the well developed sense.

For greater resources on Autism or especially about child autism please click this link http://www.autism-info-center.com/child-autism.htm

Many websites and even parents tout ABA therapy as a cure for autism or profess that it cured their child.  Doctors cannot stress enough that there is currently no known cure for autism spectrum disorders.  What does exist in abundance, however is proven data showing that ABA therapy can help children to recover from the setbacks and challenges that face them as children with an autism spectrum disorder.

The difference between a cure and recovery can be slight in a large number of cases, but it is important to realize that the underlying illness is still present, even when children are taught ways to fully function around it.  With that said, however, a large number of children who receive 40 hours a week of intensive ABA therapy, particularly during the formative “early intervention” period often find themselves able to function inside a normal classroom environment, and a large percentage of these children are found to still exhibit normal function within society many years later.

It is also important to note that not all children fully recover from autism spectrum disorders no matter how intensive their therapy regimens.  What ABA does offer to all children is the chance to live up to their maximum potential by teaching them to think and learn to the best of their ability.  Applied Behavior Analysis shows promise for all children facing an autism spectrum disorder, and results depend equally on the degree of a child’s disability and the ABA course that is taught.  When an intensive program is started early and taught properly, the child has the most progress to make.  It is important to note that not all therapists are appropriate to teach ABA therapy and that a number of parents who learn the method make exceptionally successful ABA therapists for their children.

ABA therapy may not be a cure, but it offers parents and children a realistic hope of recovery.  Applied Behavior Analysis offers children a chance to function normally amongst their peers and to learn all they can about the world around them.  With so much potential and so much success, there is little wonder why so many parents consider their child’s new abilities and skills to be akin to a cure.

With autistic children, differentiating between different stimuli is difficult and many children do not understand the concept that some stimuli, such as commands or requests from parents and teachers, should be given more importance than other stimuli, such as sights and sounds in the room around them.  Reinforcement serves to help children understand that there is benefit to choosing some stimuli over others.  Reinforcement does not have to be expensive or unhealthy, in addition to candy and toys, simple things such as a sticker, a walk, or even a gentle rub on the back may be enough reinforcement to foster appropriate responses. 

It is also important to note that while positive reinforcement is offered for appropriate responses and answers, negative reinforcement is not doled out for inappropriate behavior or responses.  On the contrary, negative behavior is ignored completely, teaching the child that no attention or reinforcement can arise from the behavior and fostering a sense that only good behavior will result in rewards.  This helps to teach a child a code of values to which they will adhere for the rest of their lives.  While the methodology of teaching children with autism is different than with most children, the values and lessons are much the same.

A reinforcement and reward system helps teach children not only simple responses and skills, but helps them to learn to pay attention and enables them to learn more complex lessons such as basic concepts and rules.  This system is the foundation for much of ABA, and is largely responsible for fostering the learning potential that makes intensive ABA such as success.  Applied Behavior Analysis can help children reach their full potential, many times allowing them to learn on par with others in their peer group, and early reinforcement is largely responsible for that success.